Ch 24 notes

Chapter 24- Unification of Europe

I.  Nationalism Italy- French Revolution and Congress of Vienna

   a.  Foreign rule- Congress of Vienna- Austrian rule

   b.  Mazzini- 30s nationalism- Young Italy- secret society

   c.  Kingdom of Sardinia- leading Italian kingdom- favored unification

   d.  Cavour- newspaper editor who called for unity

   e.  Victor Emanuel- King of Sardinia 49-Cavour as PM

II.  First Steps

   a.  Cavour- PM- economic growth- building projects- canals/roads

   b.  Crimean War- B+F declare on Russia- taking land from Ottomans- Sardinia joins the victors- demand Italian freedom

   c.  War with Austria- France and Sardinia trick Austria into war- drive Austria out of Lombardy- forming an alliance

   d.  Napoleon III- backs out fearful of a unified Italy

III.  Unification Completed

   a.  Garibaldi- 1000 Red Shirts- freed Sicily and the kingdom of Two Sicilies- drove out the Spanish

   b.  Moves to the Papal States and Rome- French control- Cavour blocks Garibaldi and takes Kingdom of Two Sicilies

   c.  Victor Emanuel- King of united Italy except Venice and Rome- Italian Parliament

   d.  Prussia defeats Austria- Italy gets Venice

   e.  Franco Prussian War- France pulled troops from Rome and the Italians stepped in

IV.  Problems of the United Italy

   a.  Pope- rebelled against unification- rival to his power- hid in the Vatican

   b.  North versus South- North dominated- controlled government- urban rural

   c.  Limited Constitution Monarchy- Parliament- 20 million 600 thousand could vote

   d.  Incomplete- Nice, Savory, Trentino, Trieste, and Dalmatia still in foreign hands

V.  Unification of Germany Obstacles

   a.  Austria- losing power- France and Russia also worried

   b.  Protestant Catholicism- small and southern regions worried about Prussian domination

VI.  Prussian Leadership

   a.  Army- best in control

   b.  Aristocracy- Junkers and king

   c.  Industrial might- Ruhr Valley- coal and iron- steel- military might

   d.  Authoritarian- despite some liberal reforms in education and the end of serfdom

   e.  Militarism- glorification of military

   f.  Bismarck- King William’s I  - P.M.

VII.  Bismarck’s “Blood and Iron”

   a.  Blood and Iron- to unite Germany

   b.  Building the military- ignored the constitution and taxed the population to pay for military

VII.  First Steps

   a.  War over Schleswig-Holstein

   b.  Austria would administer Holstein

   c.  Prussia would administer Schleswig

   d.  Division of war spoils created tension between Austria and Prussia- gave Bismarck excuse  for war with Austria

   e.  War with Austria

   f.  Vague promises made by Bismarck

   g.  Provoked Austria into war- Seven Weeks’ War

IX.  The Franco-Prussian War

   a.  Southern German states- military alliance- political unity

   b.  Dispute over assumption of Spanish throne led to war- throne offered to William I

   c.  Bismarck changed telegram- insulted both France and Prussia- Prussians defeated French

   d.  William I proclaimed kaiser of Germany

   e.  German unification completed

X.  The New German Empire

   a.  Second Reich

   b.  Coining of money- coordinated railroad, mail, and telegraph systems

XI.  Conflict over Religion

   a.  Catholic Church was “threat” to government power

   b.  Bismarck launched all out attack on Catholics

   c.  Kulturkampf – struggle for civilization – failed because they were uniting the Catholics – reversed

XII.  Demands for Political and Social Reform

a.        German Liberals/ German Social Democrats – Supported Marxist Socialism – but most not as violent

b.      Bismarck defeats – at first when Bismarck attacks the liberals, they are strengthened, so he reverses course and institutes reform- Social Security Program

a.       Accident

b.      Health

c.       Old-age insurance

VIII.  A New Emperor – William II

a.       William II – 1888 - 29 – divine right- Didn’t like sharing with Bismarck – fired him

b.      Social Dems – William II stopped persecuting - become largest party in Parl.

c.       “A Place in the Sun” – aggressive foreign policy- imperialism – upset balance of power- Asia, Africa, Pacific

d.      Army- doubled

e.       Navy – increase to rival Great Britain

f.       Steel - #2

IX. A National Spirit –

a.       Military- victories

b.      Industry– leading industrial nation in Europe

c.       Education and Arts – most advanced in Europe