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WH - CH 24 Notes
Ch 24 Notes
Unification of Europe
I. Nationalism Italy- French Revolution and Congress of Vienna
a.
Foreign rule- Congress of Vienna- Austrian rule
b.
Mazzini- 30s nationalism- Young Italy- secret society
c.
Kingdom of Sardinia- leading Italian kingdom- favored unification
d.
Cavour- newspaper editor who called for unity
e.
Victor Emanuel- King of Sardinia 49-Cavour as PM
II. First Steps
a.
Cavour- PM- economic growth- building projects- canals/roads
b.
Crimean War- B+F declare on Russia- taking land from Ottomans- Sardinia
joins the victors- demand Italian freedom
c. War with Austria- France and Sardinia
trick Austria into war- drive Austria out of Lombardy- forming an alliance
d.
Napoleon III- backs out fearful of a unified Italy
III. Unification Completed
a.
Garibaldi- 1000 Red Shirts- freed Sicily and the kingdom of Two Sicilies-
drove out the Spanish
b. Moves to the Papal
States and Rome- French control- Cavour blocks Garibaldi and takes Kingdom of
Two Sicilies
c.
Victor Emanuel- King of united Italy except Venice and Rome- Italian
Parliament
d.
Prussia defeats Austria- Italy gets Venice
e.
Franco Prussian War- France pulled troops from Rome and the Italians
stepped in
IV. Problems of the United Italy
a.
Pope- rebelled against unification- rival to his power- hid in the
Vatican
b.
North versus South- North dominated- controlled government- urban rural
c.
Limited Constitution Monarchy- Parliament- 20 million 600 thousand could
vote
d.
Incomplete- Nice, Savory, Trentino, Trieste, and Dalmatia still in
foreign hands
V. Unification of Germany- Obstacles
a.
Austria- losing power- France and Russia also worried
b.
Protestant Catholicism- small and southern regions worried about Prussian
domination
VI. Prussian Leadership
a.
Army- best in control
b.
Aristocracy- Junkers and king
c.
Industrial might- Ruhr Valley- coal and iron- steel- military might
d.
Authoritarian- despite some liberal reforms in education and the end of
serfdom
e.
Militarism- glorification of military
f.
Bismarck- King William’s I P.M.
VII. Bismarck’s “Blood and Iron”
a.
Blood and Iron- to unite Germany
b.
Building the military- ignored the constitution and taxed the population
to pay for military
VII. First Steps
a.
War over Schleswig-Holstein
b.
Austria would administer Holstein
c.
Prussia would administer Schleswig
d. Division of war
spoils created tension between Austria and Prussia- gave Bismarck excuse for
war with Austria
e.
War with Austria
f.
Vague promises made by Bismarck
g.
Provoked Austria into war- Seven Weeks’ War
IX. The Franco-Prussian War
a.
Southern German states- military alliance- political unity
b.
Dispute over assumption of Spanish throne led to war- throne offered to
William I
c.
Bismarck changed telegram- insulted both France and Prussia- Prussians
defeated French
d.
William I proclaimed Kaiser of Germany
e.
German unification completed
X. The New German Empire
a.
Second Reich
b.
Coining of money- coordinated railroad, mail, and telegraph systems
XI. Conflict over Religion
a.
Catholic Church was “threat” to government power
b.
Bismarck launched an all-out attack on Catholics
c.
Kulturkampf
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Barack's Bad Day - WSJ.com
Barack's Bad Day - WSJ.com: "former IRS official Lois Lerner "told Congress under oath, 'I have not violated any IRS rules "
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